Key words: Cropping system and productivity indices.   REFERENCES  
Aasim M, Karim A (2008). Yield and competition indices of intercropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using different planting patterns. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi14 (4):326-333.
Agegnehu G, Ghizaw A, Sinebo W (2006). Crop productivity and land-use efficiency of a teff/faba bean mixed cropping system in a tropical highland environment. Exp. Agric. 42:495-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479706003863
Ahmad N (1997). Agro-economic relationships of the component crops in some wheat-based intercropping systems at different patterns of wheat plantation. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad“Pakistan.
Akpalu MM, Sarcodie-Addo J, Akpalu SE (2012). Effect of spacing on growth and yield of five bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.) land races. J. Sci. Techn. 32(2):9-19.
Alhassan GA, Kalu BA, Egbe OM (2012). Influence of planting densities on the performance of intercropped bambara groundnut with cowpea in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria. Int. J. Dev. Sust. 1(3): 860-879.
Alhassan GA, Egbe MO (2013). Bambara groundnut/maize intercropping: Effects of planting densities in Southern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 9(4): 479-486.
Allen JR, Obura RK (1983). Yield of corn, cowpea and soybean under different intercropping systems. Agron. J. 75:1005-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500060032x
Banik P, Bagchi DK (1994). Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) and legume intercropping in Bihar plateau. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 64: 364-368.
Baring SN, Ekpo MO (2010). Effects of jugo bean [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] plant population on physiological growth indices and yields under intercropping with sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Adv. Environ. Biol. 4(2): 201-215.
Dariush M, Ahad M, Meysam O (2006) Assessing the land equivalent ratio (LER) of two corn (Zea mays L.) varieties intercropped at various nitrogen levels in Karaj Iran. J. Central Eu. Agric. 7(2):359-364.
Edje OT (1980) Comparative development and yield and other agronomic characteristics of maize and groundnut in monoculture and in association. In: Proceedings of second symposium on Intercropping in semi-arid areas, held at Morogoro Tanzania, Pp.4-7.
Enyi BAC (1973). The effects of intercropping maize or sorghum with cowpeas, pigeon peas or beans. Exp. Agric. 9:83-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700023711
Francis CA (1986). Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York.
Ghost PK (2004). Growth yield, competition and economic of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping system in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Res. 88: 227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.015
Gomez AA, Gomez KA (1983). Multiple Cropping in the Humid Tropics of Asia. Ottawa, Canada. P. 248.
Hiesbisch CK, McCollum RE (1987). Area-x-time equivalent ratio: A method for evaluating the productivity of intercrops. Agron. J. 79:15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900010004x
Igboziruke UM (1977). Agriculture at crossroads: A comment on agricultural ecology. University Press, Nigeria. P.116.
Karikari SK, Doku EV (1976). Agronomic significance of intercropping: Bambara groundnuts intercropped with cassava. In: Grain legumes in Ghana. Proceedings of the first University of Ghana/Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Symposium on Grain Legumes. Legon, Ghana 10-12 December, 1976. Doku, E. V. (Ed.). 67-74 pp.
Karikari SK, Chaba DKO, Molosiwa B (1999). Effect of intercropping bambara groundnut on pear millet, sorghum and maize in Botswana. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 7(2):143-152.
Kenya Ministry of Agriculture (1987) Fertilizer Use Recommendation Project (Phase 1). Annex 111 Vol 8, Nandi District.
Khan SA, Saeed M (1997). Competitive relationships of component crops in different wheat “ based intercropping systems. J. Animal and Plant Sci. 7:37-39.
Kouassi NJ, Zorro IA (2010). Evaluation of agronomic performance of two landraces of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in woodland savannahs of Cote d'Ivoire. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6(21):4852-4856.
Lakshminarayanan M, Haripriya K, Manivannan K, Kamalakannan S (2005). Evaluation of leguminous vegetables as intercrops in pruned fields of jasmine (Jasminum sam bac Ait.). J. Spices and Aromatic Crops. 1-1(1):61-64.
Maheshwari SK, Sharma RK, Gangrade SK (1995). Effect of spatial arrangement of performance of Palmarosa cymbopogon Martini var Motia - Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping on a black cotton soil (vertisol). Indian J. Agron. 40(2): 181-185.
Malawi Government (1994). Guidelines to Agriculture Production in Malawi. Agricultural Communication Branch, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Mkandawire FL (1996). Effect of plant density and types of seed bed on the growth and grain yield of bambaranuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc). MSc Dissertation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. P. 136.
Mkandawire FL Sibuga KP (2002). Yield response of bambara groundnut to plant population and seedbed type. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 10(1):39-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v10i1.27556
Mutsaers HJW, Weber GK, Walker P, Fisher NM (1997). A Field Guide for On- Farm Experimentation. IITA/CTA/ISNAR.
Nnko EN, Doto AL (1980). Intercropping maize or millet with soybean, with particular reference to planting schedule. Proc. Second Symposium on intercropping in semi-arid areas, held at Morogoro, Tanzania. 33:168.
Odo PE (1984). Evaluation of short and tall sorghum varieties in mixtures with cowpea in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria: Land equivalent ratio, grain yield and system productivity index. Exp. Agric. 27:435-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700019426
Obura RK (2005). Personal Communication. Laikipia University, Kenya.
Okalebo JR, Gathua KW and Woomer PL (2000). Laboratory Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis: A Working Manual. Second Edition. P.128.
Okigbo BN (1973). Grain legume in the farming systems of the humid lowland tropics. Proc. First IITA Grain Legume Workshop 29 October - 2 November, 1973, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 211-223 pp.
Omolo KO, Ogango KO(1999). Use of varietal intercropping to control pests in sorghum and cowpea. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 4:569-573.
Radosevich SR, Holt J.S. (1984). Weed Ecology. Implications for vegetative management. John Wiley and Sons. New York, USA. P. 265.
Rani NS, Syed I, Reddy YN (2006). Effect of cropping situations and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield, quality and economics of growing carrot in ber-based cropping system. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev. 21: 136“140.
Rachier GO, Personal Communication (2000).Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO).
Sarkar RK, Goswami S, Pal PK (2003). Production potential and economic feasibility of sunflower (Helianthus annum) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping system on rain fed upland condition. Indian J. Agron. 48(4):263-266.
SAS (2004). Statistical Analysis System version 9. North Carolina State University.
Stokskof CN (1981). Understanding Crop Produciton, Reston, Inc. Virginia USA.
Trenbath BP (1976). Plant interactions in mixed communities. In: Papendick RI, Sanchez PA and Triplett GB (Eds.). Multiple Cropping, ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp.76-102.
Willey RW (1979a) A Scientific Approach to Intercropping research. In: Proc. Second Int. Workshop on intercropping. 10-13 January 1979, Hyderabad, India. pp.4-14.
Willey RW (1979b). Intercropping: Its importance and research needs. Part 1. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crops Abstract, 32:1-10.
"> Mkandawire et al.Productivity Indices of Bambranut as Determined by Intra-row Spacing when Intercropped with Maize – Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Mkandawire et al.Productivity Indices of Bambranut as Determined by Intra-row Spacing when Intercropped with Maize Mkandawire et al.Productivity Indices of Bambranut as Determined by Intra-row Spacing when Intercropped with Maize – Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Original Research Article

Productivity Indices of Bambranut as Determined by Intra-row Spacing when Intercropped with Maize

Mkandawire1*, F. L.
Obura2, R. K.
Njoka3, E. M.
Akuja4, T. E.
Article Number: DRJA15024376
DOI:
ISSN: 2354-4147

Vol.4 (7), pp. 144-154, July 2016

Copyright © 2016
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article


Abstract

Experiments were conducted to evaluate productivity indices and their response to varying spacing of bambaranuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdec) intercropped with maize. The indices were land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), relative yield (RY), system productivity index (SPI), monetary advantage (MA) and income equivalent ratio (IER). Three crop planting systems were used as factors: sole bambaranut, bambaranut intercropped with maize, and sole maize. Bambaranut seeds were sown in 1:1 alternate rows of maize and at various spacing on plots measuring 4.5 × 3.5 m. There were three factors in different levels: (1) sole bambaranut sown at intra-row spacing of (i) 45 cm, (ii) 35 cm, (iii) 30 cm, (iv) 25 cm, and (v) 15 cm; (2) sole maize; (3) intercropped maize-bambaranut in: (i) 45 cm, (ii) 35 cm, (iii) 30 cm, (iv) 25 cm, and (v) 15 cm. A medium maturing maize variety Hybrid H513 was sown at the constant intra- and inter-row spacing of 75 × 30 cm at the population density of 45714 plants/ha for all plots. Bambaranut landrace KK204 was used for the study. The experiment was repeated for three growing seasons (2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009). Significant (p<0.05) differences for both mono- and intercropped bambaranuts for weight of pods/plant; pod and grain yield, IER, MA and SPI for 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/09 growing seasons; shelling %, LER and ATER for 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons; relative yield (RY) for 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. Maize showed significant (p<0.05) differences for both mono-and those intercropped with bambaranuts for shelling %, grain yield/ha for 2006/2007 and 2007/2009 growing seasons, RY and IER for 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons.

Key words: Cropping system and productivity indices.   REFERENCES  
Aasim M, Karim A (2008). Yield and competition indices of intercropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using different planting patterns. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi14 (4):326-333.
Agegnehu G, Ghizaw A, Sinebo W (2006). Crop productivity and land-use efficiency of a teff/faba bean mixed cropping system in a tropical highland environment. Exp. Agric. 42:495-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479706003863
Ahmad N (1997). Agro-economic relationships of the component crops in some wheat-based intercropping systems at different patterns of wheat plantation. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad“Pakistan.
Akpalu MM, Sarcodie-Addo J, Akpalu SE (2012). Effect of spacing on growth and yield of five bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.) land races. J. Sci. Techn. 32(2):9-19.
Alhassan GA, Kalu BA, Egbe OM (2012). Influence of planting densities on the performance of intercropped bambara groundnut with cowpea in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria. Int. J. Dev. Sust. 1(3): 860-879.
Alhassan GA, Egbe MO (2013). Bambara groundnut/maize intercropping: Effects of planting densities in Southern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 9(4): 479-486.
Allen JR, Obura RK (1983). Yield of corn, cowpea and soybean under different intercropping systems. Agron. J. 75:1005-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500060032x
Banik P, Bagchi DK (1994). Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) and legume intercropping in Bihar plateau. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 64: 364-368.
Baring SN, Ekpo MO (2010). Effects of jugo bean [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] plant population on physiological growth indices and yields under intercropping with sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Adv. Environ. Biol. 4(2): 201-215.
Dariush M, Ahad M, Meysam O (2006) Assessing the land equivalent ratio (LER) of two corn (Zea mays L.) varieties intercropped at various nitrogen levels in Karaj Iran. J. Central Eu. Agric. 7(2):359-364.
Edje OT (1980) Comparative development and yield and other agronomic characteristics of maize and groundnut in monoculture and in association. In: Proceedings of second symposium on Intercropping in semi-arid areas, held at Morogoro Tanzania, Pp.4-7.
Enyi BAC (1973). The effects of intercropping maize or sorghum with cowpeas, pigeon peas or beans. Exp. Agric. 9:83-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700023711
Francis CA (1986). Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York.
Ghost PK (2004). Growth yield, competition and economic of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping system in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Res. 88: 227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.015
Gomez AA, Gomez KA (1983). Multiple Cropping in the Humid Tropics of Asia. Ottawa, Canada. P. 248.
Hiesbisch CK, McCollum RE (1987). Area-x-time equivalent ratio: A method for evaluating the productivity of intercrops. Agron. J. 79:15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900010004x
Igboziruke UM (1977). Agriculture at crossroads: A comment on agricultural ecology. University Press, Nigeria. P.116.
Karikari SK, Doku EV (1976). Agronomic significance of intercropping: Bambara groundnuts intercropped with cassava. In: Grain legumes in Ghana. Proceedings of the first University of Ghana/Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Symposium on Grain Legumes. Legon, Ghana 10-12 December, 1976. Doku, E. V. (Ed.). 67-74 pp.
Karikari SK, Chaba DKO, Molosiwa B (1999). Effect of intercropping bambara groundnut on pear millet, sorghum and maize in Botswana. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 7(2):143-152.
Kenya Ministry of Agriculture (1987) Fertilizer Use Recommendation Project (Phase 1). Annex 111 Vol 8, Nandi District.
Khan SA, Saeed M (1997). Competitive relationships of component crops in different wheat “ based intercropping systems. J. Animal and Plant Sci. 7:37-39.
Kouassi NJ, Zorro IA (2010). Evaluation of agronomic performance of two landraces of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in woodland savannahs of Cote d'Ivoire. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6(21):4852-4856.
Lakshminarayanan M, Haripriya K, Manivannan K, Kamalakannan S (2005). Evaluation of leguminous vegetables as intercrops in pruned fields of jasmine (Jasminum sam bac Ait.). J. Spices and Aromatic Crops. 1-1(1):61-64.
Maheshwari SK, Sharma RK, Gangrade SK (1995). Effect of spatial arrangement of performance of Palmarosa cymbopogon Martini var Motia - Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping on a black cotton soil (vertisol). Indian J. Agron. 40(2): 181-185.
Malawi Government (1994). Guidelines to Agriculture Production in Malawi. Agricultural Communication Branch, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Mkandawire FL (1996). Effect of plant density and types of seed bed on the growth and grain yield of bambaranuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc). MSc Dissertation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. P. 136.
Mkandawire FL Sibuga KP (2002). Yield response of bambara groundnut to plant population and seedbed type. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 10(1):39-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v10i1.27556
Mutsaers HJW, Weber GK, Walker P, Fisher NM (1997). A Field Guide for On- Farm Experimentation. IITA/CTA/ISNAR.
Nnko EN, Doto AL (1980). Intercropping maize or millet with soybean, with particular reference to planting schedule. Proc. Second Symposium on intercropping in semi-arid areas, held at Morogoro, Tanzania. 33:168.
Odo PE (1984). Evaluation of short and tall sorghum varieties in mixtures with cowpea in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria: Land equivalent ratio, grain yield and system productivity index. Exp. Agric. 27:435-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700019426
Obura RK (2005). Personal Communication. Laikipia University, Kenya.
Okalebo JR, Gathua KW and Woomer PL (2000). Laboratory Methods of Soil and Plant Analysis: A Working Manual. Second Edition. P.128.
Okigbo BN (1973). Grain legume in the farming systems of the humid lowland tropics. Proc. First IITA Grain Legume Workshop 29 October - 2 November, 1973, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 211-223 pp.
Omolo KO, Ogango KO(1999). Use of varietal intercropping to control pests in sorghum and cowpea. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 4:569-573.
Radosevich SR, Holt J.S. (1984). Weed Ecology. Implications for vegetative management. John Wiley and Sons. New York, USA. P. 265.
Rani NS, Syed I, Reddy YN (2006). Effect of cropping situations and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield, quality and economics of growing carrot in ber-based cropping system. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev. 21: 136“140.
Rachier GO, Personal Communication (2000).Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO).
Sarkar RK, Goswami S, Pal PK (2003). Production potential and economic feasibility of sunflower (Helianthus annum) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping system on rain fed upland condition. Indian J. Agron. 48(4):263-266.
SAS (2004). Statistical Analysis System version 9. North Carolina State University.
Stokskof CN (1981). Understanding Crop Produciton, Reston, Inc. Virginia USA.
Trenbath BP (1976). Plant interactions in mixed communities. In: Papendick RI, Sanchez PA and Triplett GB (Eds.). Multiple Cropping, ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp.76-102.
Willey RW (1979a) A Scientific Approach to Intercropping research. In: Proc. Second Int. Workshop on intercropping. 10-13 January 1979, Hyderabad, India. pp.4-14.
Willey RW (1979b). Intercropping: Its importance and research needs. Part 1. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crops Abstract, 32:1-10.

 Received: May 17, 2016  Accepted: June 10, 2016  Published: June 18, 2016



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