Formulation and Evaluation of a Natural Cleaning Agent from Citrus Lemon Peel Extract, Eggshell, and Coconut Shell: A Comparative Study with Commercial Cleaning Product

Abstract

Growing global concern over the environmental and health impacts of synthetic cleaning agents, this study investigates the formulation and characterization of eco-friendly alternatives using agro-waste-derived materials Citrus limon (lemon) peel extract, coconut shell, and eggshell. Lemon peel essential oil was extracted via Soxhlet using ethanol, while coconut and eggshell powders (≤1 mm) were prepared through cleaning, drying, and pulverization. Three bio-based formulations Sample A (lemon + coconut shell), Sample B (lemon only), and Sample C (lemon + eggshell) were developed and compared to a commercial synthetic cleaner (Sample D). Standard surfactants and additives were incorporated to enhance performance. Physicochemical properties and structural functionality were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using a Cary 630 FTIR Spectrometer across 4000–400 cm⁻¹. Sample B exhibited mildly acidic pH (3.88), moderate conductivity (926 μS/cm), and acceptable hardness and chloride levels, confirming its mild cleaning suitability. Sample C showed superior deep-cleaning performance with the highest oil solubility (30%), lowest surface tension (18.25 mN/m), and highest total solids (54.61 wt. %). Sample A demonstrated the best water solubility (92%) and prolonged froth stability (4.17 hours), ideal for surface applications. While the synthetic cleaner (Sample D) performed better in oil solubility (45%) and froth stability (4.56 hours), its lower water solubility (41%) and higher ecological risk highlight the advantages of the bio-based options. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of key functional groups (O–H, C=O, C=C), supporting the presence of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and surfactant properties. The findings underscore the potential of agro-waste-based formulations as sustainable, non-toxic alternatives to conventional cleaners.